Introduction to the Recommendations and their Application Principles National and International Regulations Types of Analysis and Limit States using the Partial Safety Factor Approach New Standards Generation and Transitional Regulations Effects and Resistances Limit States Applying EBGEO in Conjunction with DIN EN 1997-1 Examples of Reinforced Earth Structures General Definitions Demands on Materials Soil Ground Investigation Fill Soil Soil Mechanics Demands Predominantly Statically Loaded Structures Predominantly Dynamically Loaded Structures Soil Chemistry Demands Execution Back-fill and Cover-fill Geosynthetics General Recommendations Raw Materials Product Properties and Demands Testing and Reduction Factors General Recommendations Product Identification (DIN EN ISO 10320) Mass Per Unit Area (DIN EN ISO 9864)Short-term Load-Extenson Behaviour Tensile Strength and Strain (DIN EN ISO 10319) Axial Stiffness Uniaxial and Biaxial Reinforcement Serviceability Limit State/Strain Behaviour Long-term Load-Extension Behaviour (Creep Rupture, Creep) General Recommendations Determining Reduction Factor from Creep Testing Reduction Factor A for Creep Failure Behaviour Identifying Long-term Strain Behaviour by Evaluating Isochrones Resistance to Mechanical Damage During Installation General Recommendations Reduction Factor for Damage to Geosynthetics During Transportation, Installation and Compaction In-situ Testing Laboratory Testing (DIN EN ISO 10722) Joins and Connections General Recommendations Reduction Factor for Junctions, Joins, Seams and Connections to Other Structural Elements Determining the Reduction Factor by Testing Chemical Resistance Reduction Factor for Environmental Chemical Impacts Determining Chemical Resistance by Testing Additional Environmental Impacts Microbiological Resistance Biological Resistance and Vandalism Weathering Resistance (UV Resistance) Effects of Predominantly Dynamic Actions Reduction Factor for Predominantly Dynamic Actions Determining the Reduction Factor for Predominantly Dynamic Actions by Testing Friction and Composite Behaviour General Recommendations Determining Composite Coefficients by Testing Analysis Principles General Principles Allocation of Geosynthetic-reinforced Structures to Geotechnical Categories Design Resistances Structural Resistance of Geosynthetics Determining Reduction Factors Pull-out Resistance of Geosynthetics Characteristic Pull-out Resistance of Geosynthetics GEO Pull-out Resistance Design Values STR Pull-out Resistance Design Value Axial Stiffness ofGeosynthetics in the Serviceability Limit State Partial Safety Factors - Supplementary Regulations to DIN 1054 Retaining Structures Demands and Boundary Conditions Geometry Analysis Principles General Principles Slip Planes and Failure Mechanisms Analysis Overview Analyses in the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) General Recommendations Actions and Effects Resistances Analysing General Failure/Slope Failure (GEO) Analysing Bearing Capacity (STR) Analysing Sliding Safety (STR) Position of Bearing Pressure Resultant Special Regulations Serviceability Limit State (SLS) Analyses General Recommendations Analysing the Position of the Bearing Pressure Resultant Displacements in the Base Plane Ground Settlement Intrinsic Settlement of Fill Soil Horizontal Displacements of the Slope Front vHiShear Deformation in the Retaining Structure vsVertical Displacements at the Surface v Numerical Methods Facing Analyses Retaining Structure Design Example Geometry, Soil Properties and Load Assumptions Determining the Characteristic Actions Analysis in the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Analysing Sliding Safety Position of Bearing Pressure Resultant Analysing Bearing Capacity Analysing General Failure Analysing Facing for Partially Deformable Facing Elements Serviceability Limit State (SLS) Analysis Analysing the Position of the Bearing Pressure Resultant Displacements in the Base Plane Settlements Landfill Engineering - Reinforcement of Surface-parallel Stratified Systems General Recommendations Design and Engineering Notes Analyses Principles Analysing the Stability of the Inclined Liner System Actions and Effects Structural Resistance of Reinforcement Anchorage Example of Landfill Capping using Geosynthetic Reinforcement Geometry, Soil Mechanics Parameters, Geosynthetic Properties and Data for a Selected Construction Vehicle Geometry of the Liner System in the Slope Characteristic Soil Mechanics Input Values Geosynthetics Data for a Selected Tracked Vehicle Construction State Definition Stability Analysis Analysing Reinforcement Failure Designing the Anchor Trench Anchor Trench Geometry Friction Resistance Input Values Safety Against Failure of the Anchor Trench Analysing Failure of the Top of the Embankment Reinforced Earth Structures over Pointor Linear Bearing Elements Applications and Modus Operandi Modus Operandi Design and Engineering Recommendations Actions and Resistances Point and Linear Bearing Elements Analysing the Reinforced Earth Structure General Recommendations Effect Situations Characteristic Effects Stress crzok between the Bearing Elements Stress crzs kon the Bearing Elements Spreading Forces for Inclined Surface of Reinforced Earth Structure Effects on the Geosynthetic Reinforcement Analysing Effect on the Geosynthetic Reinforcement using Numerical Methods Analysing Effects on Geosynthetic Reinforcement for Dynamic Actions Analyses and Design Analysing Bearing Capacity General Recommendations Analysing the Geosynthetic Reinforcement Analysing Bearing Elements Analysing Overall Stability Serviceability Limit State Analysis General Recommendations Deformations in the Reinforced Earth Structure Deformation of Bearing Elements Analysing Overall Deformations Enabling Works Point and Linear Bearing Elements Reinforced Earth Structures Design Example: Reinforced Earth Structures over Pointor Linear Bearing Elements Geometry, Loads, Soil Mechanics Parameters, Reinforcement and Effect Situation Parameters Effect Situation 1: Construction State (t, = 10 h Load Redistribution in the Reinforced Earth Structure Characteristic Effects in the Geosynthetic Reinforcement Effect Situation 2: Construction State Load Redistribution in the Reinforced Earth Structure Characteristic Effects in the Geosynthetic Reinforcement 191 Effect Situation Final State Load Redistribution in the Reinforced Earth StructureCharacteristic Effects in the Geosynthetic Reinforcement Special Case: Loss of Subgrade Reaction Load Redistribution in the Base Course Characteristic Effects in the Geosynthetic Reinforcement Design Values of Effects in the Geosynthetic Reinforcement Design Values of Resistances Analysing Bearing Capacity Foundation Systems using Geosynthetic-encased Columns Modus Operandi and Applications Modus Operandi Manufacturing Methods General Recommendations Excavation Method Displacement Methods Method Selection Design Recommendations and Engineering Notes Building Materials Notes on Analysis and Design General Recommendations Actions and Resistances Designing the Horizontal Geosynthetic Reinforcement Column Design Analysing the Transfer of Circumferential Tensile Forces Analysing Overall Stability Serviceability Limit State Analysis Determining Settlement Cyclic-dynamic Actions Overall Deformations Inspection Criteria, Tolerances and Quality Assurance Worked Example: Geotextile-encased Columns Input data Analysis Determining Primary Stresses Assuming the Load Redistribution Factor E Determining the Stiffness ParameterDeformation at the Column Edge Determining Settlement Analysing Circumferential Tensile Force Overbridging Systems in Areas Prone to Subsidence General Recommendations Design Principles and Definitions Design Notes Explanatory Report Determining the Width of the Stabilised Area Ground and Materials Excavation Level Composite base course Materials Geosynthetic Reinforcement Bridging Zone Materials Subgrade Load Assumptions and Load Cases Allowable Deformations Structural Models Analyses Analysis Principles Design Determining the Tensile Stress Design Values using the B.G.E. Method Determining the Design Value of the Tensile Stres Based on the R.A.F.A.E.L. Special Methods Determining the Required Short-term Tensile Strength Analysing Anchorage Lengths Analysing Overlap Lengths Safety Theory Analysis Applying the Observational Method Notes on Execution Worked Analysis Example Specifications Allowable Reinforcement Sag and Strain Preselecting the Geosynthetics Determining the Actions Normal Stresses Load Component Factors Design Values of Horizontal Tensile Forces Design Values of Actions Determining the Design Values of the Resistances in the Machine and Cross Machine Directions Adopted Reinforcement Design Value of the Tensile Strength, Reinforcement Creep Failure Design Value of the Tensile Strength, Reinforcement Creep Strain Governing Design Value of the Tensile Strength of the Reinforcement Analysing Adequate Tensile Strength Analysing Anchorages Specifications Required Reinforcement Anchorage Lengths in Machine Direction Outside of the Sinkhole-prone Area Required Reinforcement Anchorage Lengths in Cross Machine Direction Outside of the Sinkhole-prone Area Required Reinforcement Anchorage Lengths in Cross Machine Direction Inside of the Sinkhole-prone Area Overlap Analysis Required Overlap Length in Machine Direction Required Overlap Width in Cross Machine Direction Worked Analysis Example 2 Specifications Allowable Reinforcement Sag and Strain Determining the Actions Normal Stresses Design Value of the Actions on the Geosynthetic Reinforcement Determining the Design Values of the Resistances in the Machine Direction Adopted ReinforcementAnalysing Extreme Anisotropy Design Value of the Tensile Strength,CriterionReinforcement Creep Failure Design Value of the Tensile Strength Reinforcement Creep Strain Governing Design Value of the Tensile Strength of the Reinforcement Analysing Adequate Tensile Strength Analysing AnchoragesRequired Reinforcement Anchorage Lengths in Machine Direction Outside of the Sinkhole-prone Area Required Reinforcement Anchorage Length in Cross Machine Direction Overlap Analysis Overlap Length in Machine Direction Overlap Length in Cross Machine Direction Dynamic Actions on Geosynthetic-reinforced Systems General Recommendations Dynamic Actions Dynamic Effects Resistances Dynamic Design Cases Dynamic Actions Dynamic Actions - Live Loads Adopting Live Loads Allocation to Dynamic Design Cases - Live Loads Design Recommendations Dynamic Actions - Explosions, Impact, Avalanches Dynamic Actions - Seismic Loads Determining the Dynamic Effects on the Geosynthetics Dynamic Design Case Dynamic Design Case 2 Dynamic Design Case 3 Determining the Resistances for Dynamic Actions Pull-out Resistance of Reinforcement Dynamic Design Case Dynamic Design Case 2 Dynamic Design Case 3 Structural Resistance of Reinforcement Dynamic Design Case Dynamic Design Demands on Building Materials under Dynamic Loads Fill Soil Grain Sizes Grain Shape, Grain StrengthFill Soil Friction Coefficient Relative Compaction Geosynthetics Determining Fatigue Behaviour Determining Damage 284 Determining the Geosynthetic/Fill Soil Composite Coefficient.